星期六 | 十月 06, 2007

Beijing Great Wall Hiking Tours

Climbing the Great Wall is a must for your trip to Beijing. There is a saying in China that you won't become a hero till you climb up the Great Wall. There are about 7 sections of the Great Wall around Beijing. So choosing the right section of the Wall is a problem you should solve before you start to do the Great Wall hiking. The Badaling Great Wall and the Juyongguan Great Wall are both located on the north-west of Beijing. They are usually linked to the visit to the Ming Tomb when you choose one of the two sections of the Great Wall. The Badaling Great Wall is much developed and equipped with cable cars while the Juyongguan has no such facilities and you have to climb up the wall on foot. The Juyongguan Great Wall is less commercial with easy parking area. It parking lot is just close to the starting point of the Great Wall. So this section of the Great Wall is suitable for kids and senior people. The Mutianyu Great Wall is located in Huirou District in the north of Beijing. This section of the Greta Wall is a little bit less crowded. You can use the cable car to Great Wall WOW Gold get to the top of the Wall. The Mutianyu Great Wall is very green with dense trees.
The Simatai Great Wall and Jinshanling Great Wall are linked. People can choose the two put together or any of the two for hiking. You may have one day tour of Simatai or Jinshanling, or one day hiking tour of simatai and Jinshanling. The hike between Jinshanling and Simatai takes about 4 hours with 12 kms. Both Jinshanling Great Wall and Simatai Great Wall has less forestry with little trees on the mountain. So the bald mountains make the Great Wall much exposed and they look much more gorgeous! Also the two sections of the Wall, especially the Simatai Great Wall is a little dangerous for hiking. The Both the Huanghuacheng Great Wall and the Jiankou Great Wall are wild section sof the Great Wall. " Wild" means the thses sections of the wall are yet not open to the public with little safety measures taken by local tourism departments concerned. Hikiking on the Jiankou Great Wall is not legal! Jiankou Great Wall hike is not protected by local tourism administration. We suggest you choose the Mutianyu Great Wall instead of the Jiankou Great Wall.
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These are private tours with personal tour guide and private vehicle with driver + entrance fees and meals as listed and hotels ( if necessary ) for your party based on minimum 2 travelers. For single traveler, please visit our page of seat-in coach tours. To book a route, please choose your prefered way of payment. Please also read our information on reservation before making a reservation.

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Shopingchina Imp. Exp. Co. Ltd.

Shopping China Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd.
Shopping China Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd. is a professional export company located in Yiwu city, Zhejiang Province, China.
And Yiwu City is the largest small commodity centre in China and Asia which includs 28 big series with about 32,000 kinds of different commodities from all around China, which covered about 65% of all different Chinese small commodites that including all kinds of toys(stuffed toys, plastic toys, electric toys, inflatable toys, wooden toys, intelligent toys ect. ), fashion jewelry, arts&crafts, gifts items, artificial products(such as flowers, plants ect. ), stationery products, apparels, cosmetics, textiles, bicycles, hardware and so on..
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Due to this super market of small commodity in Yiwu, our company`s business scopes has been fully developed into every aspects such as: Imp. Exp. Agent, purchasing agent, forwarding agent, goods checking agent and translating service. With a few years efforts, we also have formed one-line services such as: Purchasing, warehousing, ship booking, goods checking and applying for customs etc. At the same time, we have created good and long relationships with both the manufacturers of many lines and some main shipping companies. So we can get more competitive prices not only in purchasing but also in forwarding. Especially in forwarding area, we can ensure that our prices are the most competitive which is lower that the market prices due to our good relationship with the shipping companies.
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Meanwhile we owned several cooperative facotries in the region of crystal products, cookware ect. in Zhejiang Province. All products have been sold to America, Europe, Australia,South-America and Middle-east and are very popular in these countries.
We can support you all kinds of the services you needed and will lead you to have great business in this largest supermarket in the world. We welcome all home and abroad customers to enquire and cooperate
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DROP IN CHINA's EXPORT TAX REBATES!

The Chinese government will adjust export tax rebate as from July 1st. The industries involved in this adjustment include: Propagation, Minerals, Chemicals and Industrial Products, Plastics and Rubber Products, Peltry and Leather Products, Wood products, Adhesives and steel and iron products. yiwu yiwu market yiwu china It is reported that the export tax rebate for most of chemical industry product and other related industrial products may be cancelled, and the export tax rebate for the rests of these products will be reduced from 13% to 9% (or 5%). Another rumor is that the export tax rebate for methanol, Acetic Acid and other Acetic Acid derivatives may be reduced from 13% to 5%. Due to export tax adjustments, some export companies will defer their export plan until the formal documents and policy are confirmed. Paper Products Export Tax Rebate is being reduced by 8% from 13% to 5%. Plastic Products Export Tax Rebate is being reduced by 6% from 13% to 7% What does all this mean? yiwu hotels yiwu Translation Service Export Tax Rebates is what Trading companies and/or Manufacturers can claim back from the government when they export. The majority of manufacturers take this rebate into account when they cost their goods. In a Nutshell. These goods effected by this decrease in the rebate will RISE in price after July 1st.export from yiwu

Posted by xovuisdfa at 17:07:17 | Permanent Link | Comments (0) |

Detection of gas leakage from landfills using infrared thermography applicability and limitations

University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
Although landfill gas emission can be greatly reduced by extraction and converting gas to energy, in practice not all gas can be collected and some leaks can still occur. Management of landfill gas can be improved if leaks can be detected and rectified effectively. This paper provides a brief review of methods available for detecting landfill leakage,
emergency button gas leakage detector with a focus on infrared thermography. It then describes a study which was conducted to test if an infrared camera can be used to detect gas leaks accurately by identifying them as anomalies. It examined the applicability and limitations of the technique by investigating fundamental factors such as weather conditions,smoke alarm smoke detector  ground conditions and distance of sensor from source. The paper also describes a test case conducted to reinforce the findings. It concluded that unless all the fundamental factors are clearly understood and addressed, the technique currently can only be used as a screening tool rather than as a precise tool to detect landfill gas leakages. For this reason, it would be difficult to use the technique as a basis for modelling gas emission from landfills.PIR detector
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星期五 | 十月 05, 2007

Proposal for Two Museums At Ground Zero Is Divisive

NEW YORK -- A coalition of groups of Sept. 11 victims' family members is attempting to prevent two museums from becoming part of the development at Ground Zero, contending that the institutions will promote artwork critical of the United States.
The International Freedom Center and the Drawing Center, two museums selected as part of a proposed arts complex on the 16-acre site where the World Trade Center was destroyed in 2001, have drawn accusations that they are politically left of center and will invite controversy to what the families consider a sacred site.

William Healey, who lost his niece in the attacks, protests in New York over the proposed Ground Zero memorial. (By Spencer Platt -- Getty Images) The Drawing Center has been scrutinized after recent installations that depicted the well-publicized image of a hooded detainee at Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison and linked President Bush to Osama bin Laden. The International Freedom Center, which exists only on paper, is the target of allegations that its left-leaning leadership will use the museum as a bully pulpit.
At Ground Zero, the International Freedom Center plans to mount exhibits that document the history of struggles for freedom around the world. The Drawing Center, which is based in SoHo, will exhibit a variety of artists' works.
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Representatives of 14 groups of victims' families fear that the exhibitions, regardless of political slant, are inappropriate for a place they consider a cemetery.
"This is not a place we should be dedicating to other social or political issues," said Mary Fetchet, executive director of Voices of September 11. "The space should be dedicated to honoring the people who died that day and telling the story of 9/11."
Last week, coalition members traveled to Washington to appeal to Congress and Bush for help. Earlier, an estimated 200 family members staged a demonstration at Ground Zero.
New York Gov. George E. Pataki (R) responded to the families' demands by telling the two museums they must "guarantee" to observe the "sanctity of the site" and that exhibits should not offend victims' families or visitors.
"We will not tolerate anything on that site that denigrates America, denigrates New York or freedom or denigrates the sacrifice and courage that the heroes showed on September 11th," Pataki told reporters in Albany last month.
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The city's tabloids have lobbed political grenades into the fray with headlines such as "Nutty 9/11 Art Nixed" alongside a photo of a sullen Pataki. The New York Post ran a full-page editorial calling for donations to the Sept. 11 memorial to be withheld.
Tom Bernstein, president of the International Freedom Center, said the museum will respect the loss of life that occurred at the site. He said the center will become "a living memorial" that fosters learning and discussion.
"We hope to look at some of the epic moments when the human spirit prevailed and triumphed," he said.
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Posted by xovuisdfa at 17:55:15 | Permanent Link | Comments (0) |

Financial dispute threatens start of WTC project

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which owns the 16-acre site in Lower Manhattan, failed to reach an agreement with developer Larry Silverstein on a financial plan for its redevelopment.
The plan includes the 1,776-foot-tall Freedom Tower and as many as four other buildings designed to replace 10 million square feet of office space destroyed in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
New York Gov. George Pataki, who promised Silverstein $1.67 billion in tax-free bonds to underwrite construction, had set a Tuesday deadline for reaching an agreement.
The governor said he was "deeply disappointed" that negotiations had broken down -- and pointed the finger at Silverstein.
Silverstein said he agreed to let the Port Authority take over construction of the Freedom Tower, but the insurance money has become the sticking point in reaching an agreement.
Silverstein wanted the authority to agree to relinquish part of its share if court settlements fall short of expectations. The authority refused.
"We cannot and will not allow profit margins and financial interests to be put ahead of public interest in expediting the rebuilding of the site of the greatest tragedy on American soil," Pataki said. "Our ardent desire to move forward expeditiously must not be used as leverage by Larry Silverstein for his financial demands."
"We're not going to make a short-sighted deal with Larry Silverstein," said Ken Ringler, the Port Authority's executive director.
Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who controls another $1.67 billion in bonds for the project, also called on Silverstein's company "to temper its individual interests and focus on what's best for New York City."
Charles Gargano, a Pataki ally and vice chairman of the Port Authority, said Silverstein must either meet the schedule for building the Freedom Tower "or move away from it and have someone else build it."
But Silverstein insisted he had cooperated with demands by the Port Authority to relinquish part of his lease and share some of the insurance proceeds his company received after the terrorist attacks. He also complained that while he has continued to pay $120 million in annual rent on his lease, the authority has not prepared the site for new construction.
Just six weeks before September 11, Silverstein signed a 99-year lease on the World Trade Center, which obligates him to rebuild the commercial space lost in the attacks. The Port Authority has been pressing Silverstein for proof that he has the necessary financial resources for the project.
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The Port Authority has proposed taking over construction of the $2 billion Freedom Tower and a plot of land at the southern end of the site, where the damaged Deutsche Bank building now stands. The bank building is being dismantled to make room for the tower.
Under that plan, Silverstein would retain control over the eastern side of Ground Zero, where three other buildings -- considered the most commercially viable -- are scheduled to go up. His $120 million annual rent would also be reduced, but some of the approximately $3 billion in insurance proceeds Silverstein expects to receive would be shared with the Port Authority.
Plans for the site call for as many as five buildings, as well as a new transportation hub and a memorial to those who perished in the September 11 attacks. crafts
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Construction on the transportation hub began in September, and preparation work began Monday on the memorial, which features reflecting pools over the former footprints of the doomed towers. Both projects are scheduled to be completed by 2009.
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News Releases

The Agriculture Ministers of the 25 European Union Member States today agreed to a compromise, brokered by the European Commission, on the entry into force of new EU import requirements for wood packaging material designed to better protect Europe’s forests against introduction of plant pests and diseases. yiwu market yiwu china
Under the compromise, most of the new EU requirements will take effect today, but a specific requirement to remove bark from wood used in pallets (a process known as "debarking") has been delayed until March 1, 2006 to allow trading partners time to adjust.
Markos Kyprianou, EU Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection, welcomed today’s agreement: "This compromise is a win-win situation, allowing the EU to implement significantly strengthened rules now, while also allowing our trading partners enough time to adjust to the stricter measures envisaged for the future." The EU will be the first big economic bloc to implement the new FAO standard.
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The new requirements are based on the international standard agreed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in March 2002 (ISPM 15). The international standard provides for heat treatment or fumigation of wood with the debarking requirement considered optional where technically justified. The EU considers debarking to be a sound risk-mitigation measure and has opted to apply debarking to give the EU even better protection against the introduction of plant pests and diseases. EU trading partners, including the United States, showed that the debarking requirement posed a problem for the trade of a variety of goods packed using wood material. The compromise brokered by the Commission therefore postpones the specific requirement on debarking to March 1, 2006 to allow time for our trading partners to adjust and for further discussions on technical aspects of debarking.
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星期四 | 十月 04, 2007

Featured on China Daily

city, because Shanghai is not so easily accessible for people who don't know it well," explains 28 year old blogger Wang Jianshuo.

"In 2000 I had a website, both in Chinese and English, and here I wrote an article about Pudong International Airport. When I later searched the Internet for the topic of Pudong International Airport, my article came up as hit number one, which was odd for such an important place. Why had nobody else written about it? When I heard the term "blogger" in 2002, I decided to start a blog to fill the gap, because there seemed to be a lack of information about the city. I truly love Shanghai. Now I have a lot of readers, it is not easy to give up," Wang says laughing.

His blog does have quite some readership, registering one million hits each month and featuring lively debate between commentators from all over the world. There were an estimated 17.5 million bloggers in China by the end of August 2006, almost 30 times the 2002 figure. Among those, some stand out, like Wang's blog which not only has many readers, but also offers information on life in Shanghai. The blog has been mentioned in MSNBC, BBC, BusinessWeek, and voted one of the top ten blogs in China in 2003.

The title of the blog is "Events (in Shanghai) that affect my life (and the life of others)". The blog is a time consuming task as Wang updates it almost daily. "It's a part of my life, like e-mails and sleep. I also think of it like writing a very big book about my world."

Commenting on his style, Wang points to the fact that some commentators on the blog have criticized him for only focusing on the positive aspects of life. "My basic philosophy is only to write what I have personally experienced, and to pay attention to details. What distinguishes blogs from traditional media is exactly the way a blog can pay attention to detail. I also always write what I currently believe is true, but my observations may change over time."

In his job as CEO of Kijiji in China, Wang Jianshuo has had the opportunity to travel and experience different cultures. He is impressed with how different people think, and his ambition is for the blog to be a virtual place for people to be able to debate. On the blog, East meets West, and vice versa.

"As a matter of principle, I don't delete comments on the blog, because it is a place for sharing views. The beauty of the blog is that when people think so differently from me, it makes me think. It made me write an entry on the topic that common sense is not always common," says Wang giving the example: Maybe saving money makes sense for the older generation, whereas it makes more sense for the younger generation to have experiences.

"When we are arguing, I ask myself: are we using the same language?" he says about communication gaps.

To the question of how the blog has Changed his life, Wang answers that it has had an impact on his career. When he started blogging in 2002, he worked for Microsoft and was conscious that he was respected because he was a representative of an internationally known company. But he did not want to remain in the shadow of the company, so with the ambition of achieving something for himself, he set out to write the blog. What he wanted to accumulate was writings on small things like advice on transportation - two of the most popular topics are Shanghai taxis and Pudong International Airport - and personal thoughts.

"I also wanted to help, because it seems meaningful. For people who know the blog and arrive here, maybe Shanghai seems not so unfamiliar, and I can give them a feeling of knowing somebody here, before they have arrived," Wang says.

But also in another, more indirect way, blogging has affected Wang's life, because, as a result of writing about the minutiae of Shanghai life he has become more sensitive to the things around him. It causes him to think about topics he might never otherwise have considered.

"In order to write a blog you have to have a reason to write. For most bloggers, they don't have many readers, and I know many frustrated bloggers without visitors on their blogs. Some will even write 40 entries a day trying to attract readers. But you shouldn't start a blog just to get the attention of readers. You are the most important reader of your own blog, which also means you get to choose the topics of interest."

One of the humorous downsides of writing the blog is people misunderstanding the concept and e-mailing complaints about lack of specific information or a slow response time from what they expect is an official office. Since this has happened several times, Wang decided to post a small picture of himself on each entry, with the intent of attracting attention to the fact that is merely a free, one-man service.yiwu export agent china daily use articles

A much more serious side to the blog came about in 2003, when China experienced the outbreak of SARS. Before this, Wang's blog did not have that many visitors, but during the outbreak, Jian discovered that many people wanted to hear the point of view of a normal person living in Shanghai. "People in China were very nervous, and we got a lot of attention from media from outside China at that time. I did not start to blog in order to write about politics, on the contrary. Everything was very sensitive, so the only thing I could say was that I could not guarantee I was giving the whole picture, I was only able to tell people a fraction of the story, which was all I could see. Sochina toys china gifts  I wrote about how my friends reacted and how restaurants cleaned all the time."

What really seems to stir Wang's passion is revealed when he writes details of his life in Shanghai, because in the end, it all comes down to little things: "To report the fact does not always mean to report the truth," he says.

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Mutianyu Great Wall

The Mutianyu Great Wall lies in Huairou District, 73 kilometers (45.4 miles) from Beijing proper. It is a superb location to appreciate the grandness of the Great Wall as well as to avoid the crowds at Badaling. The Mutianyu section, 2,500 meters (2,734 yards) long, connects the Juyongguan Pass in the west and Gubeikou in the east. Rimmed by mountains, it is filled with beautiful flowers in spring; abundantly verdant in summer; charming with red-leafed maple trees in autumn and enchanting covered in pure white snow in winter.

Last Update : 2007-1-24 16:16:13
The wall was reconstructed during the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) on the ruins of the wall built during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-557). Hence, the wall has a history of over 1400 years. In 1404, the Mutianyu Pass was added to the wall and in 1569 it was restored again. This fortified section was the site of many battles which took place during the Ming Dynasty. The wall, which stands seven to eight meters (23-26 feet) high and four to five meters (13-16 feet) wide, is mainly made of slabs of granite, which make it extremely strong.
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Last Update : 2/8/2007 5:19:39 AM
The Mutianyu section has its own characteristics. The coping on both sides of the wall has parapets and battlements, which made it possible to repel foes from either side. The bases of the indented battlements have square holes arched at the top from which soldiers shot at the besiegers. Additional walls with watchtowers were built in order to relieve the enemy's assault on the main wall which is densely distributed with watchtowers, twenty-two in total. The wall runs up and down following the contours of the steep mountainsides. In one section it rises with a gradient of nearly 90 degrees on bare rock posing a challenge to any climbers. In Zhengguantai, three watchtowers stand on the same terrace, a rare occurrence in the structure of the Great Wall.
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Last Update : 2007-1-24 16:22:43
Comfortable cable cars are available to facilitate climbing this section of the wall. A single trip cost CNY35 and a round trip enjoys a favorable price at CNY50

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Memory card: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, SD card

A memory card, also known as smart card or multimedia card, is one of external storage media of a personal computer and a multifunction terminal electronic equipment. A semiconductor memory card has an internalized nonvolatile memory which is accessed by a connected device, enabling the semiconductor memory card to be used as a recording medium. The most widely used solid-state memory devices include flash-memory chips configured on a small removable memory card, and are commonly referred to as flash memory cards. Flash memory cards are high-capacity storing media developed to meet consumers' demands in storing the huge amount of information and data, and have been widely adopted by consumers to replace the conventional floppy disk. Flash memory brings convenience to information industries for storage of data. The multimedia network technology has developed to the extent that digital contents such as video information are distributed via a communication network such as the Internet. For example, traditional film cameras have been widely replaced by digital cameras capable of recording images that may be directly downloaded to and stored on personal computers. The pictures recorded by digital cameras can easily be converted to common graphics file formats such as joint photographic experts group (JPEG), graphic interchange format (GIF) or bitmap (BMP), and sent as e-mail attachments or posted on web pages and online photo albums. Many digital cameras are also capable of capturing short video clips in standard digital video formats, for example moving picture experts group (MPEG), which may also be directly downloaded and stored on personal computers or notebook computers. Flash memory cards can provide "plug and play" capability, low power consumption, portability, and high density storage. Flash memory cards are well suited for digital applications such as digital camera storage, digital audio applications, and wherever rewritable, digital data storage in a portable housing is needed. Multimedia card is applicable to every kind of digital information pieces in the recording of a still video image of a digital video camera, data of a mobile phone and music data of mobile player. Memory cards are employed for reading/writing information with digital devices such as digital cameras, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable audio devices, cellular phones, and personal computers.

A memory card contains a rewritable nonvolatile memory, which does not lose information saved therein even if the power supply is turned off, along with a controller that controls operation of the memory cell array and interfaces with a host to which the card connected. Among nonvolatile semiconductor memory device in which data can be electrically erased/written, in a block erasable flash memory, an electric charge of a floating gate of a memory cell transistor is changed by an erase/write operation to change a threshold voltage, and the data is stored. Memory cards typically comprise multiple integrated circuit devices or semiconductor dies. The dies are interconnected using a circuit board substrate which adds to the weight, thickness, stiffness and complexity of the card. A memory card typically includes a flat framework made of plastic material for holding a circuit board and the circuit elements thereof. For the memory card to be thin and rigid as required, metal covers are further mounted onto upper and lower surfaces of the plastic framework. Memory cards also include electrical contacts for providing an external interface to an insertion point or socket. These electrical contacts are typically disposed on the backside of the circuit board substrate, with the electrical connection to the dies being provided by vias which extend through the circuit board substrate. Numerous memory standards can be used in memory cards, including electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), and other non-volatile or volatile memory types, such as synchronous dynamic random-access-memory (SDRAM), with battery backup. An electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) is a memory device that has been widely used in information electronic products. Data can be directly written into blank EEPROM sectors in the same way as for magnetic or optical discs. However, when EEPROM sectors already contain data, this data has to be deleted, returning the sectors to a blank state, before new data can be written into the sectors. Consequently, the semiconductor memory card contains a specialized internal control circuit for realizing memory management using erasable blocks as access units. Status control of erasable blocks, and reading and writing of data to/from erasable blocks, is managed by this control circuit.

Flash memory is a special version of an EEPROM that allows multiple memory locations to be erased or written in one programming operation, instead of having to be removed and reprogrammed in a special device. The semiconductor memory typically comprises an array of memory cells, address decoding circuitry for selecting one, or a group, of the memory cells for reading or writing data, sensing circuitry for detecting the digital state of the selected memory cell or memory cells, and input/output lines to receive the sensed data and convey that information for eventual output from the semiconductor memory. A flash memory card is a nonvolatile memory device with a compact housing that does not require a power source in order to retain its memory contents. A typical flash memory card stores charge on a floating gate to represent a first logic state of the binary state system, while the lack of stored charge represents a second logic state of the binary state system. The flash memory serving as a loader of data storage really brings extremely convenient for the information industry, and it is beneficial for the main memory that it is unnecessary to offer a huge space while a single independent or temporary data is saved. Meanwhile, the specific data can be saved and managed well through a single memory. Small flash memory cards have been designed that have a connector that can plug into a specialized reader. Through external contact terminals, memory cards store information using internally disposed memories thereof, and forward information signals to a card reading device, with the information signals further accepted by a computer host. Flash memory cards are formed in card shapes in which memory chips are sealed in card type outer shells. Examples of the flash memory cards include ones meeting various standards such as an SD card, a multimedia card, a smartmedia card, a compact flash (CF) card, and a memory stick. Flash memory cards are generally used in the field of information appliance by virtue of the convenience of data storage and transmission. The characteristics of plug-and-play and carry easily make silicon disks become popular data storage media in the market. The flash memory cards were originally popular only in the field of digital cameras, and most of them were directly connected to a computer via a USB data transmission line. The most important function of the flash memory card at that time was to store photos taken with a digital camera. Nowadays flash memory cards are widely incorporated into various portable electronics.

Memory cards in various formats exist in the market, and they are continuously developed in different formats. Memory cards can be classified as large memory cards and small memory cards based on size. Large memory cards comprise MMC (MultiMedia card), CF (CompactFlash card), SD (Secure Digital), XD (xD-piture card), SM (Smart Media), and MS (Memory Stick) available from SONY Corporation. Small memory cards comprise miniSD, microSD (T-Flash), RSMMC, MMC micro, MS Duo, and Memory Stick Micro. MMC, CF, and SD cards not only have large market shares but also are widely used as main memory cards in digital cameras, MP3 players, and other multimedia devices. The specifications of SD and MMC are complied with the miniaturization of Smart Phone. Thus, SD and MMC are taken as standard storage devices by major mobile phone manufacturers such as Samsung Electronics, Nokia, and Motorola. Small memory cards are advantageous for being compact, lightweight, energy saving, durable, and rewritable. Thus, small memory cards are widely mounted in various portable electronic products including personal digital assistant, digital camera, digital music player, and smart phone. Further, small memory cards have certain advantages and relatively large market shares because they concentrate on markets different from that of large memory cards. Among these removable storage devices, the multimedia card, the SD memory card and the memory stick all have copyright protection functions. One of the most common memory cards in the market is SD memory card that has a conducting interface with nine contact pins at the bottom of the front end thereof. Another common memory card is MMC memory card that has a conducting interface with seven contact pins. Both SD and MMC cards are thin and the area they occupy is about that of a large postage stamp. The difference between the SD card and the MMC card is the number of contact pins and the thickness so that a common slot socket of the read and write apparatus is enough for both of the cards. Secured Digital (SD) cards are hot-swappable, allowing the user to easily insert and remove SD cards without rebooting or cycling power. A SD memory card, which has small volume, fast accessing ability, and good applicability to digital cameras, has potential to dominate the small-sized memory card market. Since the SD cards are small, durable, and removable, data files can easily be transported among electronic devices by being copied to an SD card. SD cards are not limited to flash-memory cards, but other applications such as communications transceivers can be implemented as SD cards. Flash memory is typically implemented in the form of compact flash (CF) cards which comprise small, removable mass storage devices. CF cards and other compact flash storage products are designed with flash technology, which is a non-volatile storage solution not requiring a battery to retain data indefinitely. CF storage products are generally considered to be five to ten times more rugged and reliable than disk drives including those found in personal computers, and typically consume only five percent of the power required by small disk drives. The storage capacity of an XD card can be expanded to several BGB, meeting user's requirement for image processing.motion detector

One of the advantages of the memory card is its interchangeability in being utilized in different types of electronic devices. For example, a digital camera configured to receive the MultiMedia Card may be configured to store digital photographs. That same card may then be inserted into a computer to download the digital photographs, or such memory card may be utilized in a cell phone for one function and then transferred to another electronic device such as a personal data assistant for a second function. Thus, the success of the memory card in the market has been largely due to the interchangeability of the memory card from one electronic device to another. However, there is no uniform standard or specification presently in the art of memory cards in the whole world presently. Different brands of electronic devices may still utilize particular types of memory cards, each such electronic device including a memory card socket configured to receive a corresponding memory card with corresponding dimensions. CF cards (Compact Flash cards), SM cards (Smart Media cards), MMC cards (MultiMedia cards), MS cards (Memory Stick cards) and SD cards (Secure Digital cards) not only are multifactorial, but also have their respective predominance in the markets. Each of the different memory cards typically has a unique connector, which defines the electrical and mechanical interfaces of the card. Moreover, each different memory card generally requires a specialized adapter or reader for use with a host computing device. The adapter or reader includes a specialized interface that conforms to that of the memory card, and an interface that can be accepted by a host computer. The CF and PC memory cards are of pin-contact memory cards, while the SM and MS memory cards are of surface-contact memory cards. The pin-contact memory card has a contact section at where a 50-hole or a 68-hole female connector is provided. The pin-contact memory card is designed to plug in a machine at a memory card slot thereof. The surface-contact memory card has a contact section provided at a front end of one side thereof. The contact section includes a plurality of spaced contact areas. The surface-contact memory card is designed to plug in a machine at a memory card slot thereof. A head in the memory card slot for reading data is provided at a portion contacting with the plugged memory card with a plurality of elastic contact plates corresponding to the contact areas on the memory card. gas detector smoke alarm

In general, a memory card is used while being connected to a host system which processes information. The memory card is connected to the host system such that the host system can store, read, or overwrite data in the memory card. Many consumer electronics are now constructed to generate and/or utilize digital data in increasingly large quantities. Portable digital cameras for still and/or moving pictures generate large amounts of digital data representing images. Each digital image may require up to several megabytes (MB) of data storage, and such storage must be available in the camera. To provide for this type of data storage application, the storage memory should be relatively low in cost for sufficient capacities of around 100 MB to one gigabyte (GB). The storage memory should also be low in power consumption and have relatively rugged physical characteristics to cope with the portable battery powered operating environment. For accessing the flash memory cards, the digital electronic products are equipped with electrical connectors adapted to corresponding flash memory card. Most of the electrical connectors have a foolproof design to prevent the failure of the flash memory cards and the digital electronic products resulted from the wrong insert direction. Some electrical connectors have a mechanism for rejecting the flash memory cards. The memory card connector often is mounted on a printed circuit board. The memory card writes or reads via the connector and can transmit between electrical appliances, such as a word processor, personal computer, personal data assistant or the like. The connector terminals typically have tail portions for connection to appropriate circuit traces on the printed circuit board. A flash memory card driver is a device to access portable storage memory cards. In order to make card driver products satisfy customers' demands better, some manufacturers add appropriate adapters to those card drivers, thus the card drivers can access multi types of memory cards, expanding their application scopes. The main function of the card reader is to serve as a bridge between the flash memory card and the computer to complete data transmission between them. Via the card reader, a user may browse photos stored on the flash memory card, listen to music, and store files on a computer without being connected to the computer.

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